脑机接口技术兼具创新性、交叉性与前沿性，是未来产业重要方向，在民生、军事等领域潜力巨大，被美国、欧盟、日本等重视发展并长期投入。脑机接口按功能分为脑感知和脑调控，按照两条路线和三个阶段发展，目前正进入3.0阶段，出现智能化和多融合态势。当前，该技术的可用性提升，产业化初期显现，可临床应用和上市产品涌现，产业逐步迈入应用关键期。展望未来，技术创新方面，算法将优化，调控更精准；产业生态方面，早期优势企业转型为开放生态平台型企业，竞争格局演变；投资规模扩大、阶段前移，将加速技术创新与产品迭代。

The brain-computer interface technology is innovative, interdisciplinary, and cutting-edge, and is an important direction for future industries. It has enormous potential in areas such as people’s livelihoods and military affairs, and has been highly valued and invested in by the United States, the European Union, Japan, and others for a long time. Brain-computer interfaces are divided into brain perception and brain regulation according to their functions. They have developed along two routes and in three stages, and are currently entering the 3.0 stage, with the emergence of intelligent and multi-fusion trends. At present, the usability of this technology has improved, and it has emerged in the early stages of industrialisation. Clinically applicable and marketable products have emerged, and more than ten hospitals across the country have opened related wards and clinics, entering a critical period of application. Looking ahead, in terms of technological innovation, algorithms will be optimised and regulation will be more precise; In terms of industrial ecology, early advantageous enterprises have transformed into open ecological platform enterprises, and the competitive landscape has evolved; Expanding investment scale and advancing stages will accelerate technological innovation and product iteration.