根植于国际法，2025年5月联合国教科文组织发布《神经技术伦理问题建议书草案》，系统阐释针对神经技术的治理框架：神经技术伦理准则体系、全生命周期场景化治理和动态风险适配机制等制度保障。其中，该框架首次将“思想自由”与“精神隐私”纳入神经技术伦理准则，并明确将神经数据和可借以推断认知状态的非神经数据纳入敏感数据。同时，提出构建覆盖“原材料获取—科学研究—设计开发—部署使用—拆卸终止—处置回收”等的全生命周期闭环监管，针对临床应用、员工监测、教育应用、消费娱乐等核心应用场景提出治理措施。最后针对草案的实施提出了红队测试、监管沙箱、量化评估等实践路径。建议围绕神经技术治理边界、全生命周期治理机制、场景化治理细则，进一步完善我国脑机接口技术伦理治理制度。

 Rooted in international law, UNESCO released the “Draft Recommendation on the Ethical Issues of Neurotechnologies” in May 2025, systematically outlining a governance framework for neurotechnology: a system of ethical guidelines for neurotechnology, scenario-based governance throughout the lifecycle, and a dynamic risk adaptation mechanism, among other institutional safeguards. This framework, for the first time, incorporates “freedom of thought” and “mental privacy” into the ethical guidelines for neurotechnology, and explicitly classifies neural data and non-neural data that can be used to infer cognitive states as sensitive data. Furthermore, it proposes a closed-loop regulatory oversight system covering the entire lifecycle, encompassing “raw material acquisition - scientific research - design and development - deployment and use - disassembly and termination - disposal and recycling,” and proposes governance measures for core application scenarios such as clinical applications, employee monitoring, educational applications, and consumer entertainment. Finally, the draft proposes practical pathways for implementation, including red team testing, regulatory sandboxes, and quantitative evaluation. It recommends further improving the Chinese ethical governance system for braincomputer interface technology, focusing on the boundaries of neurotechnology governance, a full lifecycle governance mechanism, and detailed scenario-based governance.