片上脑机接口（Brain-on-A-Chip Interface，BoCI）通过将实验室培养“大脑”与微电极阵列耦合，构建生物-电子混合系统，利用刺激编码与神经信号解码实现与外界的信息交互。BoCI不仅为研究神经网络的信息处理、学习记忆机制提供了高度可控的实验平台，也为开发新一代生物智能系统奠定了技术基础，同时在神经调控与修复领域展现出重要应用潜力。本文系统综述了BoCI的研究进展，首先阐述了构建BoCI的三大核心要素：生物基础、电极接口及信息交互方法。在此基础上，重点回顾了BoCI的两大应用方向，生物计算和神经调控与修复。最后，探讨了其面临的挑战及未来发展方向。

Brain-on-a-Chip Interface (BoCI, Brain-on-a-chip Interface) couples laboratory-cultured “brains” with microelectrode arrays to form bioelectronic hybrid systems. These systems enable information exchange with external environments through stimulation encoding and neural signal decoding. BoCI provides a highly controllable experimental platform for studying neural network information processing and learning-memory mechanisms. It also establishes a technical foundation for developing next-generation biological intelligent systems. Additionally, BoCI shows significant potential in neuromodulation and neural repair applications. This review systematically summarises recent advances in BoCI research. First, it described three core components for building BoCI: biological foundations, electrode interfaces, and information interaction methods. Then, it focused on two major application directions: biological computing, neuromodulation and repair. Finally, it discussed current challenges and future development trends.